Islamic State extremist militia seizes control of port of Derna in eastern Libya. Libyan Army offensive to retake Derna in March fails to dislodge the group.
IS establishes control over port-city of Sirte, halfway along coast between Tripoli and Benghazi. He is later freed by an armed group. A chronology of key events:. Image source, Getty Images. The ancient city of Sabratha prospered under the Romans. It is one of numerous historic sites to be seen in Libya. Italian rule. Libya was a major battleground during World War Two.
The Gaddafi era. Colonel Gaddafi deposed the king in and ruled until he was killed in Law No: 4, see Murray, R. Inter Press Service online , 17 April The Guardian online , 16 February Serafimov, A.
Serafimov, Alex. Who Drove the Libyan Uprising? Interstate - Journal of International Affairs. JournalQuest is a free program to help academic student publications increase online readership and distribution. If you are interested in enrolling a journal at your school, please visit the JournalQuest website. The newsletter highlights recent selections from the journal and useful tips from our blog. Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines.
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Forgot password? Reset your password ». Cite References Print. Militants The first point that becomes apparent is the sheer number of armed groups existing in Libya. Next ». Endnotes Achcar, G. From the Inquiries Journal Blog. International Affairs » International Law. Libya Exploring the Implementation of the 'Responsibility to Protect'. International Affairs » Arab Spring.
Letter from Tunisia. International Affairs » Obama Administration. Monthly Newsletter Signup The newsletter highlights recent selections from the journal and useful tips from our blog. Follow us to get updates from Inquiries Journal in your daily feed. Over the last couple of decades, women-spearheaded social movements have mobilized to leave a lasting impression on civil societies across the globe.
The Arab Spring challenged old ideas of oppressive regimes and signaled MORE ». This article explores the role that the Responsibility to Protect R2P played in the intervention in Libya. It examines the R2P legal framework in coordination with events on the ground in Libya during the early part of in order to thoroughly explain that R2P was correctly invoked by the United Nations Security Council Follow IJ.
Latest in Political Science Comparative Politics. More and more countries are democratic, but at the same time, the number of people dissatisfied with it has constantly been increasing during the last two decades. Read Article ». American Politics. This paper assesses the political preferences and ideologies of the Trump administration and how they influenced framing issues in a way that has underestimated the threats of right-wing militia groups in the United States.
President Trump and officials Political Theory. Attempts to build a democratic state after Gaddafi fell disintegrated into a new civil war between rival governments in Armed groups, including extremists such as Islamic State, have proliferated and the lawless country has also become a principal transit point for people from across Africa who want to reach Europe.
Since the fighting has mainly been between rival centres of political power in east and west Libya: the Tripoli administration, known as the Government of National Accord GNA , led by Sarraj, and the Tobruk administration, which decamped to the eastern city after disputed elections. The foreign parties have flooded Libya with weapons and drones , ignoring a UN arms embargo. Russia has sent mercenaries and Sudanese men have been recruited to fight alongside the LNA; in January the Guardian reported that Turkey sent Syrian recruits along with its own soldiers, to defend the Tripoli government.
High-profile peace talks in Berlin this year did not result in any lasting truce. When I interviewed him in the summer of , he exalted the moral supremacy of the military while disparaging civilian-led politics.
When he launched his attack last year on Tripoli, he claimed to be cleansing the GNA of corrupt militias and radical Islamists. The pretext collapses under scrutiny. As for his charge of a terrorist infestation in the capital, U. At any rate, many Western diplomats say the GNA have been helpful counterterrorism partners. Some of the commanders fighting Haftar today received U. Still, Haftar has attracted support from diverse swathes of Libyans who have grafted their grievances onto his campaign, despite deep reservations about his ambitions.
Some just wanted him to restore order, whatever the cost. Some have since questioned his war and his autocratic vision. But breaking openly with the general is fraught with peril; many who have done so have disappeared.
In late November I stumbled across a bombed-out biscuit factory where 10 workers, including several migrants, were killed. Scattered across the factory grounds were impact craters strewn with human remains. The victims of the strike hold one answer to the question: Why should anyone in the West care about Libya? Gaddafi suppressed the flow of migrants in exchange for Italy paying reparations. But in the lawlessness since , Libya has become the back door to Europe that Turkey was for Syrian refugees.
Italy has once again tried to quarantine the flow of people in Libya, backing a deal under which Tripoli has paid off militias to do so, directly bolstering their power. The migrant crisis —along with the broader civil war—has been further abetted by a divided European Union , an ambivalent America, and active backing for Haftar by France , Russia , and regional Arab states.
The Tripoli war has been a strange, seemingly post-modern type of combat, waged until recently by all-seeing drones in the sky and hired guns on the ground. Here, when death comes, it comes quickly and sometimes from the air, for fighters and civilians alike.
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