Living conditions on the reservations have been cited as "comparable to Third World," May 5 , Gallup Independent. It is impossible to succinctly describe the many factors that have contributed to the challenges that Native America faces today, but the following facts about the most pressing issues of economics, health, and housing give a hint of what life is like for many first Americans. Employment Typically, Tribal and Federal governments are the largest employers on the reservations.
Many households are overcrowded and earn only social security, disability or veteran's income. The scarcity of jobs and lack of economic opportunity mean that, depending on the reservation, four to eight out of ten adults on reservations are unemployed. The overall percentage of American Indians living below the federal poverty line is Often, heads of household are forced to leave the reservation to seek work, and grandparents take on the role of raising their grandchildren.
In order to survive, extended families pool their meager resources as a way to meet basic needs. Keep it focused, or take it to chat. Overall a good answer, but I think the analogy paragraph should be removed. If the bully was giving a dollar a year, then after 20 years, it would make sense to stop it. Of course valuations of rights are not so clearcut, and large timescales make it that much more subjective, so I think drawing a monetary analogy will always fall short and just confuse the issue.
Comments deleted. Please keep the comments relevant to this answer. This question is about North America. It is not the place to discuss the history of the British Isles.
I guess some people may see it as fair, others as unfair. It would be helpful for the answer to specify who actually thinks it would be unfair and who doesn't. Show 3 more comments. Azor Ahai -him- Azor Ahai -him- 6, 2 2 gold badges 24 24 silver badges 44 44 bronze badges. Excellent re-framing. OP is basically proposing that tribes get the land which they already have , but lose their tribal sovereignty.
That isn't an improvement. I've since edited my question to be more specific. If I understand correctly non-Indians are not allowed to permanently settle on at least some of the Indian territories which includes owning land and voting in local elections.
There are also some financial assistance programs which are based on ethnicity again, correct me if I'm wrong. JonathanReez: WRT "permanently settle", that's more of a matter of land ownership.
Land on reservations can either be owned by individuals in which case anyone can buy it , or by the tribe as an organization. If the organization doesn't want to sell or lease the land, it doesn't have to. Same with a lot of land in the west owned by railroads, lumber companies, or FTM family-owned ranches. WRT assistance programs, no doubt you've heard of affirmative action? They continue to exist for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to: They want to continue to exist. The government and courts have recognized their right to exist.
The federal government has little interest in a small-and-short-but-violent civil war. Community Bot 1. This is of course a particular use of "sovereign". A sovereign might bind itself by treaty, by a sovereign is not bound by another government's Congress or courts. The Indian Appropriate Act "closed" the issue and prevented any future recognition of Indian nations not already recognized or future treaties. The BIA quote is classic doublespeak, and the practice goes way back. Reservations are not sovereign, although they have limited sovereignity.
For instance, the reference to "those powers that Congress has expressly extinguished" is neither more nor less than a tacit admission that the tribes are not sovereign. A nation which has its powers controlled by another nation is not sovereign.
Sovereignity is "the authority of a state to govern itself or another state. That said, it's worth noting that those five countries' resistance is predicated on their fairly strong adherence to open and impartial courts; it's fairly easy for the PRC to agree to widespread rights for its minorities when it may sadly find they are 'not fully implemented' or 'in conflict with still more fundamental rights' in any troublesome situation.
Actually, the Government of Canada does have a treaty in place with First Nations in northern BC via the federal numbered treaties specifically Treaty No. I'm an adherent to Treaty Those tribes who can still do so are working to preserve their languages and create new speakers from among their tribal populations.
American Indians and Alaska Natives live and work anywhere in the United States and the world just as other citizens do. Many leave their reservations, communities or villages for the same reasons as do other Americans who move to urban centers: to seek education and employment.
Over one-half of the total U. American Indian and Alaska Native population now live away from their tribal lands. However, most return home to visit relatives; attend family gatherings and celebrations; participate in religious, cultural, or community activities; work for their tribal governments; operate businesses; vote in tribal elections or run for tribal office; retire; or to be buried. During the Civil War, American Indians served on both sides of the conflict. Among the most well-known are Brigadier General Ely S.
Grant who recorded the terms of Confederate General Robert E. Their patriotism moved Congress to pass the Indian Citizenship Act of Alaska Natives also served in the Alaska Territorial Guard. In the Vietnam War, 41, Indian service personnel served.
In , prior to Operation Desert Storm, some 24, Indian men and women were in the military. Approximately 3, served in the Persian Gulf with three among those killed in action. There have been 13 assistant secretaries since the post was established in by a DOI secretarial order. The United States Senate confirmed Ms. Sweeney on June 28, She assumed her official duties on July 30, Her final day of service was January 20, Reporting directly to the Assistant Secretary through are the following officers, agencies and offices:.
The bureau implements federal laws and policies and administers programs established for American Indians and Alaska Natives under the trust responsibility and the government-to-government relationship. At the end of the eighteenth century, Congress transferred the responsibility for managing trade relations with the tribes to the Secretary of War by its act of August 20, 1 Stat. It was later abolished by an act of May 6, 3 Stat. Secretary of War John C.
Calhoun administratively established the BIA within the his department on March 11, Congress later legislatively established the bureau and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs post via the act of July 9, 4 Stat.
In the years that followed, the Bureau was known variously as the Indian office, the Indian bureau, the Indian department, and the Indian service. Parker, Seneca ; Robert L. Bennett, Oneida ; Louis R. Hallett, Red Lake Chippewa For almost years—beginning with treaty agreements negotiated by the United States and tribes in the late 18th and 19th centuries, through the General Allotment Act of , which opened tribal lands west of the Mississippi to non-Indian settlers, the Indian Citizenship Act of when American Indians and Alaska Natives were granted U.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs is a rarity among federal agencies. With roots reaching back to the earliest days of the republic, the BIA is almost as old as the United States itself.
For most of its existence, the BIA has mirrored the public's ambivalence towards the nation's indigenous people. But, as federal policy has evolved from seeking the subjugation of American Indians and Alaska Natives into one that respects tribal self-determination, so, too, has the BIA's mission evolved into one that is based on service to and partnership with the tribes. The BIA Mission Statement, which is based on principles embodied in federal treaties, laws and policies, and in judicial decisions, clearly describes the bureau's relationship today with the American Indian and Alaska Native people:.
We will accomplish this through the delivery of quality services, maintaining government-to-government relationships within the spirit of self-determination. Today, in keeping with their authorities and responsibilities under the Snyder Act of and other federal laws, regulations, and treaties, BIA employees across the country work with tribal governments in the administration of employment and job training assistance; law enforcement and justice; agricultural and economic development; tribal governance; and natural resources management programs to enhance the quality of life in tribal communities.
The following are just some examples of what we do:. That year, the function was legislatively transferred as the Indian Health Service to the U. It is responsible for the line direction and management of all BIE education functions, including the formation of policies and procedures, the supervision of all program activities, and the approval of the expenditure of funds appropriated for BIE education functions. The BIE mission, which can be found in 25 C. Part The BIE also shall manifest consideration of the whole person by taking into account the spiritual, mental, physical, and cultural aspects of the person within his or her family and tribal or village context.
The BIE school system has elementary and secondary schools and dormitories located on 63 reservations in 23 states, including seven off-reservation boarding schools and schools directly controlled by tribes and tribal school boards under contracts or grants with the BIE.
The bureau also funds 66 residential programs for students at 52 boarding schools and at 14 dormitories housing those attending nearby tribal or public schools. The school system employs approximately 5, teachers, administrators, and support personnel, while an estimated 6, work in tribal school systems.
In School Year , the schools served almost 48, students. In the area of postsecondary education, the BIE provides support to 24 tribal colleges and universities across the U. It also operates higher education scholarship programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives. There have been three major legislative actions that restructured the Bureau of Indian Affairs with regard to education since the Snyder Act of The Indian Reorganization Act of introduced the teaching of Indian history and culture in BIA schools, which contrasted with the federal policy at the time of acculturating and assimilating Indian people through the BIA boarding school system.
The Education Amendments Act of P. For information about tracing American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry to any of the federally recognized tribes, proceed to "Trace Indian Ancestry". For information about the U. Indian Health Service, visit www. Frequently Asked Questions. What is the legal status of American Indian and Alaska Native tribes?
What is the federal Indian trust responsibility? What is a federally recognized tribe? Why does the Supreme Court, which has shown instances of judicial activism and creativity in looking at Fundamental Rights as a philosophy and carved out a number of rights from the Right to Life, not view reservation as more than an exception to the Right to Equality?
In the C. Rajendran Case, , it stated that the Constitution does not impose an obligation on the State to make reservations. In the Indira Sawhney case, , it went on to cap reservation at 50 per cent and restricted reservation in promotion only for five subsequent years.
In , the Court disallowed relaxations in qualifying marks in matters of reservation in promotion. In February , the Court Mukesh Kumar Case reiterated that there is no fundamental right to claim reservation.
At the same time, there is a continued presence and growing demand for quotas for and from the privileged. The concepts of efficiency and merit are raised as concerns only when reservation for the marginalised is talked about.
There is a pattern. The Centre told the Lok Sabha that the representation of SC and ST members in central government services is more than the prescribed percentage of reservation. The following three facts need to be appreciated. B R Ambedkar was then in the Executive Council. Even before, as early as , the non-Brahmin Justice Party government in Madras province passed the Communal Order providing for reservation the one declared unconstitutional by the Court in the Champakam case,
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