Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. Fogazzi GB, Garigali G. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; chap 4. Basic examination of urine. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; chap The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites.
Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. Information developed by A. Calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium phosphate stones develop in alkaline urine; when this occurs, the urine is kept acidic. Uric acid, cystine, and calcium oxalate stones precipitate in acidic urine; in this situation, the urine should be kept alkaline or less acidic than normal.
Drugs such as streptomycin, neomycin, and kanamycin are effective in treating urinary tract infections if the urine is alkaline. During treatment with sulfa drugs, alkaline urine helps prevent formation of sulfonamide crystals. Most bacterial urinary tract infections cause the urine to become more alkaline. A voltmeter in the probe measures the difference between the voltages of the two electrodes. The meter then translates the voltage difference into pH and displays it on the little screen on the main box.
Before taking a pH measurement, the meter must be "calibrated. The knobs on the box are used to adjust the displayed pH value to the known pH of the solution, thus calibrating the meter. One of the most popular school science projects is to take the pH of water from different sources.
Chances are your school and certainly not you does not have an electronic pH meter lying around, but you can still get an estimate of pH by using litmus paper.
Litmus paper, which can be found at pet-supply stores to check the pH of aquariums is simply a strip of paper that, when a sample of water is dropped onto it, turns a certain color, giving a rough estimate of pH. Excessively high and low pHs can be detrimental for the use of water. High pH causes a bitter taste, water pipes and water-using appliances become encrusted with deposits , and it depresses the effectiveness of the disinfection of chlorine, thereby causing the need for additional chlorine when pH is high.
Low-pH water will corrode or dissolve metals and other substances. Pollution can change a water's pH, which in turn can harm animals and plants living in the water. For instance, water coming out of an abandoned coal mine can have a pH of 2, which is very acidic and would definitely affect any fish crazy enough to try to live in it!
By using the logarithm scale, this mine-drainage water would be , times more acidic than neutral water -- so stay out of abandoned mines.
The pH of precipitation, and water bodies, vary widely across the United States. Natural and human processes determine the pH of water. The National Atmospheric Deposition Program has developed maps showing pH patterns, such as the one below showing the spatial pattern of the pH of precipitation at field sites for You should be aware that this contour map was developed using the pH measurements at the specific sampling locations; thus, the contours and isolines were created using interpolation between data points.
You should not necessarily use the map to document the pH at other particular map locations, but rather, use the map as a general indicator of pH throughout the country. Note: This map shows one point in time, and since there has been a general reduction in things that cause acid rain.
A newer map might look very different than this one. Still, lower precipitation pH values still will occur in the northeastern U. A person should ask their doctor if they should stop taking certain medications the night or morning of a urinalysis. Because many factors affect urine pH, and because it can vary greatly, a doctor cannot diagnose a medical condition based on pH alone. For instance, a pH of over 7 could signal a UTI or a different kind of infection.
A doctor may consider urine pH along with other symptoms to make a diagnosis. They may also order a urine pH test to study the effectiveness of kidney stone treatments. Medications such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide aim to make urine more alkaline, so a doctor may take more than one sample to see whether the pH is changing.
This means that a person will clean their genital area, release a small amount of urine, and collect 1—2 ounces of urine for pH testing. A urine pH test does not cause side effects. A person will urinate as they normally would to provide the sample. The acidity or alkalinity of urine can help a doctor diagnose medical conditions. Doctors can test urine pH using a litmus paper test.
A doctor can perform a urine pH test as part of a larger urinalysis test, or a they can specifically test urine pH.
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